Momeneh, T., Torki, M. (2018). Effects of in ovo Injection of Vitamins B6 and B12 in Fertile Eggs Subjected to Ethanol Stress on Hatching Traits, Performance and Visceral Organs of Broiler Chicks Reared under Cold Stress Condition. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(3), 491-498.
T. Momeneh; M. Torki. "Effects of in ovo Injection of Vitamins B6 and B12 in Fertile Eggs Subjected to Ethanol Stress on Hatching Traits, Performance and Visceral Organs of Broiler Chicks Reared under Cold Stress Condition". Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8, 3, 2018, 491-498.
Momeneh, T., Torki, M. (2018). 'Effects of in ovo Injection of Vitamins B6 and B12 in Fertile Eggs Subjected to Ethanol Stress on Hatching Traits, Performance and Visceral Organs of Broiler Chicks Reared under Cold Stress Condition', Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(3), pp. 491-498.
Momeneh, T., Torki, M. Effects of in ovo Injection of Vitamins B6 and B12 in Fertile Eggs Subjected to Ethanol Stress on Hatching Traits, Performance and Visceral Organs of Broiler Chicks Reared under Cold Stress Condition. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2018; 8(3): 491-498.
Effects of in ovo Injection of Vitamins B6 and B12 in Fertile Eggs Subjected to Ethanol Stress on Hatching Traits, Performance and Visceral Organs of Broiler Chicks Reared under Cold Stress Condition
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Receive Date: 05 November 2017,
Revise Date: 07 February 2018,
Accept Date: 15 February 2018
Abstract
Two subsequent experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of vitamin B6 and B12 in fertile eggs subjected to ethanol (EtOH) stress on hatching traits (first), performance and visceral organs of broiler chicks under cold stress (second). A number of 510 fertile eggs were incubated. A number of 180 eggs were considered as controls (three subgroups as: not-injected, eggshell with a hole and distilled water-injected). A number of 110 eggs were injected with 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of EtOH 47.5% + distilled water. Eggs in two other groups were injected with 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of EtOH 47.5% + 100 µL of B6 (n=110), 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12 (n=110). A number of 240 one-day chicks, allocated to second experiment. Hatched chicks were divided into 4 treatments. Temperature was maintained 12 ˚C from 28 to 42 days of age. Hatchability percent (P<0.05) reduced by EtOH injected group. The lowest body weight at one day was observed in the EtOH injected group compared to other groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected in body weight gain and feed intake of chicks during 1-14 days of age between EtOH + B6 and EtOH + B12 groups. There was no effect of treatment on feed conversion ratio and visceral organ weight (P>0.05). In ovo injection of vitamins B6 and B12 alleviated EtOH-induced oxidative stress in chickens embryos. No significant difference was observed in the performance of the hatched birds in the cold conditions temperature (P>0.05).
During the last century, the poultry industry underwent many changes that also affected the incubation industry (Hill, 2000). Stress is an important cause of reduced performance and increased susceptibility to disease. Under commercial industry conditions, chicks do not have access to feed until 48h after hatching (Dibner et al. 2008). Therefore, birds became more susceptible to pathogens (Dibner et al. 2008), their body weight decreased (0.18 g/h) (Bigot et al. 2003; Careghi et al. 2005), and restricted developments in critical tissues and organs, such as the intestine (Geyra et al. 2001; Dibner and Richards, 2004), immune system (Dibner et al. 2008) and pectoral muscle (Halevy et al. 2003; Moore et al. 2005). Several strategies have been proposed to improve performance during early development, such as feeding at the hatchery (Dibner et al. 1998; Careghi et al. 2005), and in ovo injection technology (Foye et al. 2006; Tako et al. 2004; Salami et al. 2014). In ovo injection decrease the need for enriched maternal diets to achieve similar effect. It may also provide a peak absorption of exogenous nutrients and other agents by the embryo (Surai et al. 1999) and improved economically traits, such as weight gain, feed conversion, meat yield, and disease resistance (Ibrahim et al. 2012) that will lead to increased returns and efficiency for the industry (Schall, 2008). The use of in ovo injection is a novel solution in the research and industry application to provide developing embryos with nutrients compounds (Uni and Ferket, 2003) including amino acids (Ohta et al. 1999; Kadam et al. 2008), carbohydrates (Tako et al. 2004), vitamins (Gore and Qureshi, 1997; Ibrahim et al. 2012; Salami et al. 2014; Roman et al. 2012). Exogenous EtOH and exogenous homocysteine (HoCys) are both teratogenic in chick embryos (Miller, 2004; Miller et al. 1996; Miller et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2003a; Miller et al. 2003b; Miller et al. 2006; Rosenquist et al. 1996) and reduced s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels, increased s-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) levels, and decreased SAM/SAH ratios (Walcher and Miller, 2008; Kelsey et al. 2010). HoCys can be converted to methionine or cysteine by remethylation or trans-sulforation cycles with some enzymes (MS, SAM) and cofactors (B6 and B12). Insufficient vitamins B12, B6 and impairment in enzymes functions cause hyperhomocysteinemia (Taherianfard et al. 2013). HoCys catabolism uses remethylation and transsulfuration pathways. In remethylation pathways, HoCys is remethylated back to methionine by using either betainehomocysteine methyl transferase, or methionine synthase, which uses 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor (Selhub, 1999). In the transsulfuration pathway, HoCys is converted to cystathionine through the use of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine is ultimately converted into α-ketobutyrate, reduced glutathione (GSH), or taurine (Miller et al. 2011; Berning et al. 2013). Substances like vitamins B12 and B6 can influence the methionine-homocysteine cycle and thus change concentrations of HoCys (Svingen et al. 2013). The interactions of EtOH metabolism with the methionine–homocysteine cycle, together with the effects of vitamins B6 and B12, are not fully understood and more research trials are needed (Rajdl et al. 2016). There is no report studying on the in ovo injection of vitamin B6, B12 and EtOH in broiler breeder eggs. Since EtOH increase HoCys levels within embryonic chick brains (Miller, 2004), the objectives of this study were to determine vitamin B6 and B12 supplementation alleviates EtOH-induced oxidative stress in chick embryos and the performance of the hatched birds in the cold temperature. Therefore, this study was to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of vitamin B6, B12 in fertile eggs subjected to EtOH stress on hatching traits, performance and visceral organs of broiler chicks reared under cold stress condition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All experimental protocols adhered to the guidelines of, and were approved by, the Animal Ethics Committee of Razi University (the ethic approval letter: AEC 23-2016).
Eggs incubation and injection
Two subsequent experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of vitamin B6 and B12 in fertile eggs subjected to EtOH injection stress on hatching traits (first experiment), performance and visceral organs of broiler chicks (hatched in the first experiment) reared under cold stress condition (second experiment). In the first experiment, a number of 510 fertile eggs were incubated, weighed and distributed into 6 groups between 58 and 61 g obtained from broiler breeder. Fertile eggs (Ross 308) purchased from a local commercial hatchery. A number of 180 eggs were considered as control (three subgroups as:not-injected, eggs with a hole in eggshell, and eggs injected with distilled water). A number of 110 eggs were injected with 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of EtOH 47.5% + distilled water. Eggs in two other groups were injected with 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of EtOH 47.5% + 100 µL of B6 (n=110), 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12 (n=110) (Table 7). Each egg was numbered, weighed and incubated at 37.5˚C and 58% relative humidity up to 18 days with turned every 1 hours. On the first day of incubation, fertile eggs were candled and the width end of the eggs to be injected was sterilized with 70% EtOH. Injection was made according to the method described by Berning et al. (2013). For the last 3 days of incubation, the fertile eggs were transferred to the hatcher and kept there up to hatching. Temperature and relative humidity during hatch were 36.5 ˚C and 68% RH. Fertility was determined by candling after 7 days of age. Hatchability was recorded as percent of fertile eggs that hatched in each treatment by using the following equation:
Hatchability (%)= (number of eggs hatch/number of fertile eggs) × 100
Post-hatch growth performance
A number of 240 one-day chick (hatched chicks in the first experiment), were used for the second experiment. The chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 4 groups with 6 replications of 10 chicks each. Each group was housed separately in individual cages (Broiler house, Animal husbandary, farm, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran).
Table 1 Composition (%) and calculated nutrient content of experimental diets
2 Provides per kg of diet: Manganese (MnO): 40000 mg; Zinc (ZnSO4.7H2O): 33880 mg; Iron (FeSO4.7H2O): 20000 mg; Copper (CuSO4.5H2O): 4000 mg; Iodine (KI): 400 mg and Se (Na2SeO3): 80 mg.
Table 2 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on body weight and weight gain from 1 to 42 days of age
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of the means.
CV: coefficient of variation.
NS: non significant.
Table 3 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on feed intake (g/day/chicken) of broiler chicks from 1 to 42 days of age
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of the means.
CV: coefficient of variation.
NS: non significant.
The chicks were fed standard starter (ME, 3098 kcal/kg and CP, 18.94%), grower (ME, 3056 kcal/kg and CP, 20.1%) and finisher (ME, 2993 kcal/kg and CP, 21.2%) diets (Table 1). Broiler chickens were used from 1 to 42 days of age to investigate in ovo injection of vitamin B6 and B12 in fertile eggs subjected to EtOH injection stress on performance and visceral organs of broiler chicks (hatched in the first experiment) reared under cold stress condition (second experiment). The hatched chicks were reared under normal temperature during the two weeks after hatch, and then the temperature was gradually reduced from days 14 of age and maintained 12 ˚C from 28 to 42 days of age. Light were on continuously for the first day post hatching, after which a 23 L:1 D lighting schedule was maintained for the duration of the experiment. A basal diet was formulated for each of the three stages of growth: starter, grower and finisher. Birds were weighed as at hatch. The chicks were provided free access to feed and water during the experimental period. At 42 days of age, two birds were randomly selected from each replicate and sacrificed. Visceral organs were weighed and relative weights of organs were calculated. Care and management of the chicks were approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Razi University.
Statistical analysis
A completely randomized design was used with 6 replicates per treatment. The pen was used as an experimental unit. Data were analyzed according to general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS (2008). Significant differences among treatment were considered at P < 0.05 by Duncans.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hatching traits
In the present study, the hatchability percentage (58.33 to 70.83%) was affected by injection of vitamin B6 and B12 and EtOH (Table 8). The lowest hatchability percent was observed in the group of fertile eggs injected by EtOH (P<0.05). In ovo injection of B6 (100 µL) and B12 (1000 µL) improved the egg hatchability. Sgavioli et al. (2016) reported hatchability was lower in the high-temperature groups (with and without vitamin C) than the control group. Ameenuddin et al. (1983) also reported the positive effect of in ovo injection of B6 on hatchability. Improved hatchability (89.0%) compared to control (79.9%) was reported by Elsayed et al. (2010), who injected quail eggs with 120 μg B6/egg before incubation. Based on the report by Elaroussi et al. (2003), the injection of quail eggs with 10 mg B6/egg on day 7 of incubation resulted in improved hatchability (86.7%) compared to control (75.8%).
Table 4 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on feed conversion ratio (g/g) of broiler chicks from 1 to 42 days of age
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of the means.
CV: coefficient of variation.
NS: non significant.
Table 5 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on visceral organ weight as percentage live weights of broiler at 42 days of age
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of the means.
CV: coefficient of variation.
NS: non significant.
Improved hatchability of chicken eggs injected with 100 μg B6/egg on day 14 of incubation were reported by Bhanja et al. (2007) and Ibrahim et al. (2012). Based on the report by Rajdl et al. (2016), vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 supplementation did not lead to a statistically significant change in homocysteine. Vitamin B6 plays an important role in the synthesis and degradation of aspartate aminotransferase in the chicken embryo. Pyridoxine has an important role in amino acid, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism and also plays a major role in the energy-producing citric acid cycle (McDowell, 1989). Deficiency of vitamin B6 led to early embryonic death and decreased IgM and IgG response to the antibody challenge (Blalock et al. 1984). Vitamin B6, a water-soluble vitamin (Bender, 1999), resulted in embryonic growth retardation that led to its death and eventually poor hatchability (Ibrahim et al. 2012). Also, deficiency of vitamin B12 caused decrease activity of Met synthase and failed to catalyze the folate-dependent remethylation HoCys to Met in brain (Min et al. 2005). A significant decrease in the brain HoCys on the 15th day of the embryonic stage in eggs injected by EtOH and B vitamins was detected by Farahani et al. (2013). Injection of EtOH caused a significantly increased S-adenosyl methionine, which in turn activated methylation pathway in the hepatocytes in converting HoCys to Met (Carrasco et al. 2002).
Table 6 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on visceral organ weight as percentage live weights of broiler at 42 days of age
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of the means.
CV: coefficient of variation.
NS: non significant.
Table 7In ovo injection of experimental treatments
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
Table 8 Effects of in ovo injection of vitamins B6, B12 and ethanol on egg weight, body weight, chick weigh/egg weight ratio and hatchability (%)
* Control eggs were injected with 25 µL of distilled water; Control 1: sham control (no injection ); Control 2: creating shell hole; Ethanol: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + distilled water; Ethanol + B6: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 100 µL of B6 and Ethanol + B12: 25 µL of a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of 47.5% EtOH + 1000 µL of B12.
The means within the same column with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
Average feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, and body weight of the chickens are provided in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Present results showed that, weight gain during 1-14 days of age control group were significantly increased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in weight gain and feed intake of chicks during 28 to 42 days of age between groups under cold temperature (P>0.05). Feed intake of control group was significantly increased during 1-14 days and 14-28 days of age (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio during 1 to 42 days was not significantly affected by treatments (P>0.05). The effects of treatments on the relative weight of visceral organ are presented at Tables 5 and 6. Sajid et al. (2007) reported non significant difference (P>0.05) in the live weight of broilers received different doses of EtOH (40%). Present results showed that, chickens reared under the cold temperature presented higher weight gain and feed intake. This result is consistent with the results observed by Sgavioli et al. (2016), and appears to be related to body temperature maintenance. Al-Daraji et al. (2012) reported no significant feed intake differences between Japanese quails injected or not in ovo with L-arginine, but the in ovo injection of L-arginine resulted in better feed conversion ratio. Similarly, no significant effect of the in ovo injection of broiler embryos with selected substances on feed conversion ratio were detected. In contrast, Salmanzadeh et al. (2012) reported that the broilers submitted to in ovo injection of glucose presented better feed conversion ratio during the rearing period than the control group. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by supplemental propolis in broiler (Mahmoud et al. 2013). Salmanzadeh et al. (2016) reported that the effect of in ovo feeding of glutamine caused lower hatchability than in the control group. Chickens from the effect of in ovo feeding of glutamine showed better weight gain and feed conversion ratio (0-42 days of age), when compared to chickens hatched from control and sham groups. In addition, carcass weights and relative weights of breast, thigh and gizzard were also markedly increased in chickens treated in ovo with glutamine, whereas heart, liver, abdominal fat, intestine, pancreas and spleen were not significantly altered. In addition, Bleich et al. (2003) showed that EtOH gradually decreases the liver's abilityin folate storage. Bree et al. (2001) also explained an inverse relation between folate and HoCys level (Bree et al. 2001). Farahani et al. (2013) reported folate deficiency as a probable reason for brain HoCys accumulation. Relatively lower weight gain in the broilers in the present study could be partly due to dose-dependent effect of EtOH, which was in turn responsible for low feed intake. It has been demonstrated that EtOH increased serum level of HoCys (Sakuto and Suzuki, 2005; Bleich et al. 2000; Bleich et al. 2003; Bleich et al. 2005). This reaction is catalyzed by a pyridoxial-5′-phosphate (vitamin B6) containing enzyme, cystathionine β-synthase (Kelsey et al. 2010). It is known that EtOH and its metabolites influence several key conversion enzymes of Met-HoCys (Desilva et al. 1998). EtOH-induced toxicity reduced in the mouse fetus due to maternal supplementation of B12 (Xu et al. 2006; Kelsey et al. 2010).
CONCLUSION
Based on the obtained results of the present study, in ovo injection of EtOH reduced performance and hatchability percentage. Also, no significant difference was observed between the performance of the hatched birds in the cold conditions temperature. In addition, in ovo injection of vitamins B6 and B12 alleviated EtOH-induced oxidative stress in chick embryos.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work was supported by Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah-Iran.
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