Walnut Meal as an Excellent Source of Energy and Protein for Growing Japanese Quails
Subject Areas : Camel
م.ع.
ارجمندی
1
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
م.
سالارمعینی
2
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
Keywords: meat quality, growth performance, Japanese quail, walnut meal,
Abstract :
The present study was designed to study the chemical composition, apparent and true metabolizable energy values of the walnut meal and to evaluate the effects of different levels of walnut meal (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on Japanese quail's growth performance, blood metabolites, relative weight of different organs, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in breast meat and egg yolks' cholesterol. This study was conducted as a completely randomize design with 288 unsexed Japanese quails randomly dividing into 4 treatments with 4 replicates of 18 birds each. As a result of this study, no significant differences were found for feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05), except the birds fed 30% walnut meal showed lower weight gain compared to the control at 7-21 days of age (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum glucose, uric acid, serum aspartate aminotranspherase (AST) and alanine aminotranspherase (ALT) activities between different dietary treatments. The serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol and triglyceride tended to decrease linearly (P<0.01) as the walnut meal levels were increased. The serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in quails fed 10% walnut meal were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). Consumption of different levels of walnut meal significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in breast meat of chicks aged 42 d (P<0.01). Different dietary treatments had no effect on the relative weight of different organs and carcass traits. In general, walnut meal is a good source of energy (apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) 3689 kcal/kg), oil (23%) and crude protein (40%) and could be used up to 20% for young chicks and 30% for older chicks, without any adverse effect on growth performance.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
EnsoyU., Cadogan K., Kolsarici N., Karslioglu B. and Cizmeci M. (2004). Influence of acetic acid and lactic acid treatment on lipid changes and color of chicken legs. Pp. 874-874 in Proc. 22nd World's Poult. Congr. Istanbul, Turkey.
FAO. (2012). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the State of Food Insecurity in the World.
Fukuda T., Ito H. and Yoshida T. (2003). Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia). Phytochemistry. 63, 795-801.
Hyson D., Scheneeman B.O. and Davis P.A. (2002). Almond and almond oil have similar effects on serum lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. J. Nutr. 132, 703-707.
Jenkins D.J., Kendall C.W., Marchie A., Parker T.L., Connelly P.W., Qian W., Haight J.S., Faulkner D., Vidgen E., Lapsley K.G. and Spiller G.A. (2002). Dose response of almond on coronary heart disease risk factors: blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, homocysteine and pulmonary nitric oxide: a randomized, controlled, crossover trail. Circulation. 106, 1327-1332.
Kalgaonkar S., Almario R.U., Gurusinghe D., Garamendi E.M., Buchan W., Kim K. and Karakas S.E. (2011). Differential effects of walnuts vs. almonds on improving metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS. European J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 386-393.
Labuckas D.O., Maestri D.M., Perello M. and Martinez M.L. (2008). Phenolics from walnut (Juglans regia) kernels: antioxidant activity and interactions with proteins. Food Chem. 107, 607-612.
Macleod M.G. (2002). Energy utilization: measurement and prediction. Pp. 191-220 in Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. J. MacNab, Ed. CABI. Publishing, New York.
Mandalari G., Faulks R.M., Rich G.T., LoTurco V., Picout D.R., Lo Curto R.B., Bisignano G., Dugo P., Dugo G., Waldron K.W., Ellis P.R. and Wickham M.S.J. (2008a). Release of protein, lipid and vitamin E from walnut seeds during digestion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 3409-3416.
Mandalari G., Nueno-Palop C., Bisignano G., Wickham M.S.J. and Narbad A. (2008b). Potential prebiotic properties of almond (Amygdalus communis) seeds. Appl. Environ. Microb. 74, 4264-4270.
Marquardt D.W. (1962). An algorithm for least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. 11, 431-441.
Martinez M.L., Mattea M. and Maestri D.M. (2006). Varietal and crop year effects on lipid composition of walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes. J. Am .Oil. Chem. Soc. 83, 791-796.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
OliveiraI., Sousa A., FerreiraI., Bento A., Estevinho L. and Pereira J.A. (2008). Total phenols, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia) green husks. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2326-2331.
Ozcan M., Iman C. and Arsaln D. (2010). Physico-chemical properties, fatty acid and mineral content of some walnuts (Juglans regia) types. Agric. Sci. 1, 62-67.
Pasin G., Smith G.M. and Mahony M.O. (1998). Rapid determination of total cholesterol in egg yolk using commercial diagnostic cholesterol reagent. Food Chem. 61, 255-259.
Prasad R.B.N. (2003). Walnuts and pecans. Pp. 6071-6079 in Encyclopedia of Food Science and Nutrition. B. Caballero, L.C. Trugo and P.M. Finglas, Eeds. Academic Press, London, UK.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Savage G.P. (2001). Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia) grown in New Zealand. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 56, 75-82.
Sibbald I.R. (1986). The TME System of Feed Evaluation. AnimalResearchCenter, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Tarladgis B.G., Watts B.M. and Younathan M.T. (1960). A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malondialdehyde in rancid foods. J. Am .Oil. Chem. Soc. 37, 44-48.
Torabian S., Haddad E. and Rajaram S. (2009). Acute effect of nut consumption on plasma total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 22, 64-71.
USDA. (2013). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.
Wijerant S.S., Abou-Zaid M.M. and Shahidi F. (2006). Antioxidant polyphenols in almond and its co products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 312-318.