Document Type: Research Articles
Authors
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
Mastitis control is particularly important because of the high incidence of the disease and costs associated with the treatment. The prevalence of mastitis in the dairy cow population could be decreased by breeding cows with better resistance to udder diseases. Dutrring past decades, dairy cattle breeding focuses on improving production resultedin deteriorating of udder health (Nielsen, 2009). Inbreeding coefficient is the probability that two genes at any locus are identical by descent (Falconer et al. 1996). Using artificial reproductive technologies increased selection intensity by reducing the number of selected animals and therefore, reduced generation intervals by increasing the number of possible progeny (Pryce and Daetwyler, 2012). Increasing demand for artificial insemination causeda wide spread use of few elite sires. So, this event increased inbreeding and reduced genetic variability in livestock populations (Croquet et al. 2006; Panetto et al. 2010). The detrimental effects of inbreeding on economically important traits of dairy cattle have been determined in several studies. Inbreeding decreases milk production traits (Wiggans et al. 1995; Smith et al. 1998; Thompson et al. 2000) and increases somatic cell score (SCS) (Sorensen et al. 2006). Miglior et al. (1995) found a linear inbreeding depression in SCS by 10.5% of a phenotypic standard deviation per 0.1 increases in inbreeding coefficient. Smith et al. (1998) also showed a non-significant inbreeding depression in SCS. As an accurate estimation of inbreeding effects on mastitis prevalence and milk production traits is necessary for a proper breeding decision, this paper was designed to estimate the inbreeding depression effects associated with breeding decision of farmers. Accordingly, objectives of this study were 1) to assess inbreeding coefficients in Holstein cows and 2) to estimate the effects of inbreeding depression on milk production traits and subclinical mastitis prevalence based on three models presented in the paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pedigree
Pedigree information of 1114048 Holstein cows and bulls used in this study was collected by AnimalBreedingCenter (Karaj, Iran) from 1959 to 2010. In this work, Holstein cows that calved from 2006 to 2009 were also studied. From an original pedigree (n=1114048), the pedigree information related to 3972 Holstein cows, bulls and their calves that were born from 1961 to 2008 in dairy farms of Azerbaijan province was extracted by Pedig software (Boichard, 2007). In the pedigree ofAzerbaijan province, 82.17 and 17.82% of animals were female and male, respectively and are presented in Table 1.
Inbreeding coefficient (F) of the population was calculated using the Pedig software by VanRaden’s method, VanRaden (1992).
Performance data
Data related to production traits (milk, fat and protein yields, and also fat and protein concentrations), (n=3403) and California mastitis test (CMT) records (n=4439) were selected from 1572 Holstein cows calving between 2006 and 2009 in dairy farms of Azerbaijan province, Iran. These data were standardized based on twice-daily milking for 305 days. In order to remove outliers, lactation lengths shorter than 100 days or longer than 400 days were removed. Afterwards, lactation lengths were grouped into 4 classes. Data related to milk yield was recorded as twice-daily milking for 305 days. Milk samples were also collected twice a month and analyzed for fat and true protein contents by Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark; AOAC, 1996). Then, fat and protein yields were calculated by multiplying fat and true protein contents in milk weight. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed by California mastitis test (CMT); in this test, the nature of coagulation and viscosity of the mixture were indicators for presence and severity of the inflammation, respectively (Harmon, 1994; Rahman et al. 2009). CMT was performed twice a month in the morning before milking. Parity was categorized as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th-11th groups. Year of calving were from 2006 to 2009 and seasons of calving were spring (from the middle of March to the end of June), summer (from the end of June to the end of September), autumn (from the end of September to the end of December) and winter (from the end of December to the end of March). For milk production, data which had higher or lower than three in standard deviation of the mean were considered as outliers and so, were removed. The final data set which was used in the analyses contained 2635 milk lactation records, in which 2354 records had CMT data information. Descriptive statistics on production traits are summarized in Table 2.
Designing three models for analyzing prevalence of subclinical mastitis
Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was analyzed by usingthree designed models (Figure 1):
Model 1) Udder Quarter model: study of subclinical mastitis in each udder quarter separately: in this model, the record of each quarter was considered separate. Therefore, each udder quarter was considered as a milk production unit.
Model 2) Mammary model: study of subclinical mastitis in cows in a way that the presence of mastitis record in any or all of the udders was coded as 1, while the absence of mastitis record in all of the udders was coded as 0.
Model 3) Episode model: subclinical mastitis as episode was calculated by sum of all udder quarters with CMT.
Therefore, the sum of CMT quarter scores of an animal was considered as its episode. In other words, CMT scores of all quarters including right rear, left rear, right front and left front were added up and considered as an animal’s episode.
For example, the calculation of episode for an animal with the following udder quarter scores including: right rear= 0, left rear= 1, right front= 1 and left front quarter= 0, was counted by summing up the scores (0+1+1+0=2).
Analysis
Data were analyzed by Minimum Variance Quadratic Unbiased Estimation (MIVQUE) method using Rao (1970), Rao (1971a), Rao (1971b) and Rao (1977) notation and general formulation in MIXED model of SAS program (9.2), SAS (2005). Inbreeding coefficient was considered in the model as a classification variable: F= 0, 0 < F < 0.59, 0.59 ≤ F < 1.11, 1.11 ≤ F < 1.75 and 1.75 ≤ F.
In this study, sire models were used. Furthermore, interactions between parity and inbreeding were considered in the model.
The mixed models were:
Y1ijlmn= µ + YSi + PARj + DIML + Fm + Pm + Sn + PARj × Fm + expijlmn
Y2ijmn= µ + YSi + PARj + Fm + Pm + Sn + PARj × Fm + expijmnWhere:
Y1ijlmn: dependent variable for data including milk, fat and protein yields (kg) and fat and protein concentrations.
Y2ijmn: dependent variable for subclinical mastitis observation in a cow.
µ: overall mean.
YSi: fixed effect of year-season of calving.
PARj: fixed effect of parity.
DIML: days in milk.
Fm: fixed effect of inbreeding coefficient.
Pm: random permanent environmental effect.
Sn: random effect of sire.
PARj × Fm: interaction among parity and inbreeding coefficient.
expijlmn: experimental error for the ith(1, 2, 3, 4) year-season of calving, jth(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) parity, lth(100 to 400 days) length of lactation, the nth(1, 2, 3,…) sire and mth(1, 2, 3…) animal (cow).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The descriptive statistics of cow pedigree inbreeding coefficient showed that 64.03% of the cows in the data file were inbred. The maximum inbreeding coefficient in the data was 26% and the average inbreeding coefficient among the inbred cows was 1.3%. Total average inbreeding coefficient, including both inbred cows and none inbred ones, was 0.8%. When considering cows’ inbreeding percentage, it was showed that the percentage of inbred cows increased more from 1996 to 2008 compared with that in 1985 to 1995. The reason for observing more inbreeding percentage from 1996 to 2008 could be because of uncontrolled inseminating of cows with semen from few excellent bulls. Average level of inbreeding coefficient increased slowly from 1985 to 2006 with an average increase of 0.2% per year. On the other hand, inbreeding coefficient of Holstein population decreased from 2006 to 2008. Because the rate of inbreeding estimated from 1961 to 1985 was observed to be zero, the percentage of inbred cows and average inbreeding coefficients were reported from 1985 to 2008. Distribution of cows by the classes of inbreeding coefficient showed that most of the inbred cows (25.4%) were in the class with inbreeding coefficients between 0.59 ≤ F < 1.11%. Inbreeding coefficient of sires was also between zero and 25 percent. The effects of inbreeding on milk production are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Milk, fat and protein yields decreased (P<0.01) with increasing inbreeding coefficient. When inbreeding coefficient was considered as a class variable, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in animals having low inbreeding coefficients between 0 and 0.59%, and also in this way of analysis the number of inbred animals turned to zero (F=0). On the other hand, by an increase in inbreeding coefficient from 0.59 to 1.11%, a considerable decline (P<0.05) was observed in milk (2.4%), fat (2%) and protein yields (2%). Also, inbreeding coefficients between 1.11 and 1.75% caused a reduction in milk, fat and protein yields by 2, 3.7 and 2.7%, respectively. These results indicated that even small increases in inbreeding could have a negative effect on milk production in Holstein cows. It was also showed that the effects of inbreeding on milk, protein, and fat yields varied (P<0.01) among different parities (Table 4). The intensity in negative effects of inbreeding on milk and protein yields was higher in multiparous animals (5≤). However, a reverse trend with fat yield was observed and it was showed that the negative effect of inbreeding on fat yield intensified in younger animals (first-parity animals). Similar to the present study, McParland et al. (2007) showed that inbreeding affected (P<0.05) protein yield and fat concentration and inbreeding effects were under the influence of parity. Therefore, the negative effect of inbreeding on protein yield was higher in older animals, while the negative effect of inbreeding on milk fat concentration was higher in younger animals (Mc Parland et al. 2007). In another study, Bezdicek et al. (2008) observed the negative effect of inbreeding on milk production of Holstein cattle population in the Czech Republic. In that study, the inbred cows with Fx= 1.25% showed -103.02 kg in milk yield, -0.003% in fat percentage, and -0.006% in protein percentage. On the other hand, Croquet et al. (2006) reported a negative quadratic effect of inbreeding on milk production. Thompson et al. (2000) found that the reduction in milk production per lactation for F= 0.01 was 3 kg, while the reduction in milk production per lactation for F > 0.01 was 35 kg. Also, for inbreeding coefficients between F= 0.07 and 0.10, a mass reduction in milk production (55 kg) was observed. Inbreeding increased (P<0.01) prevalence of subclinical mastitis based on all three models presented in this study (Table 5), while four classes of inbreeding (0<F<0.59, 0.59≤F<1.11, 1.11≤FP>0.05). At a time inbreeding coefficient was considered as a class variable, a significant difference (P<0.01) in prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed between non-inbred animals (F=0) and inbred animals. Furthermore, it was showed that the effect of inbreeding on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was significantly different (P<0.05) for parities based on Episode model and Udder Quarter model (left rear quarter and right front quarter) (Table 6). The negative effect of inbreeding on the three presented models for subclinical mastitis was greater in multiparous animals than younger animals. SØrensen et al. (2006) found nonlinear effect of inbreeding on somatic cell score (SCS), indicating that higher levels of inbreeding had more unfavorable effect than lower levels of inbreeding. Then, lower levels of inbreeding (between 0 and 0.1) had lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis than higher levels of inbreeding. Croquet et al. (2006) and Mc Parland et al. (2007) found more intensified effects of inbreeding on prevalence of subclinical mastitis in older animals.
CONCLUSION
Analysis results showed that milk, fat and protein yields, and also subclinical mastitis were under the negative influences of inbreeding. It was also showed that even low levels of increase in inbreeding coefficient had a negative effect on udder health and milk production traits in Holstein cows.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to Azarnegin Dairy Herd and IranianAnimalBreedingCenter for their assistance throughout the whole research period, and for allowing us to run the present study.)