Effect of Processing Protein Supplements with Tannin Extracted from Pistachio by-Products on Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pistachio by-products was immersed in four liters of water for 48 h. Then, pistachio by-products were removed from the water and the extract obtained was sprayed on protein supplements (canola meal and soybean meal) with an equal ratio of 1:1 (L/kg) and was dried in the shade. Eight nulliparous Holstein dairy cows with 27 ± 49days in milk(DIM) and milk production of 38 ± 4 kg/d were used in the form of a replicated Latin square (4×4) design. The experiment was performed in four 21-day periods consisting of 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for recording. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) ration based on soybean meal, 2) ration based on soybean meal processed with the extracted tannin by water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product, 3) ration based on canola meal and 4) ration based on canola meal processed with water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product. Spraying extracted tannin on protein supplement increase concentration by 370 and 246% in soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) and total tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Although daily milk production (kg/d) and milk protein percentage were not affected by treatments, cows fed tannins produced more milk and milk protein. Tannins decreased rumen ammonia concentration only in the canola diets. Soybean treatment had the highest and processed canola treatment with tannin had the lowest rates of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. Treated protein supplements with tannins decreased ruminal pH, soybean treatments showed the highest and processed canola treatment had the lowest pH rates with tannin. Although blood urea nitrogen was not affected by the treatments, processing the rations with tannin reduced blood urea nitrogen linearly however; other blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Results of this study show that under our experimental conditions, processing protein supplements with tannin had no negative effect on animals, Further experiments should be done in this regard and on the rations containing higher levels of tannin.

Keywords

References

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Bagheripour E., Rouzbehan Y. and Alipour D. (2008). Effects of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by-products. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.146, 327-336.
Barry T.N. and McNabb W.C. (1999). The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 81, 263-272.
Bate-Smith E.C. and Swain T. (1962). Flavonoid compounds. Pp. 755-809 in Compciratise Biochemisrry. H.S. Mason and A.M. Florkin, Eds. Academic Press. New York.
Ben Salem H. and Nefzaoui A. (2003). Feed blocks as alternative supplements for sheep and goats. Small Rumin. Res. 49, 275-288.
Ben Salem H., Nefzaou A., BenSalem L. and Tisserand J.L. (2000). Deactivation of condensed tannin in Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage by polyethylene glycol in feed blocks. Effect on feed intake, diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis and growth by sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. 64, 51-60.
Bhatta R., Krishnamoorthy U. and Mohammed F. (2000). Effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindusindica) seed husk as a source of tannin on dry matter intake digestibility of nutrients and production performance of crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 83, 67-74.
Bohluli A., Naserian A.A., Valizadeh R. and Eftekharshahroodi F. (2007). Effect of feeding pistachio by-product on milk yield, apparent nutrient digestibility and chewing activity of early lactation Holstein cows. Pp. 110-111 in Proc. Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Meet. US.
FAO. (2001). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the State of Food Insecurity in the World.
Frutos P., Herva G., Gira´ldez F.J. and Manteco´n A.R. (2004). Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish J. Agric. Res. 2, 191-202.
Harrison D.G., Beever D.E., Thomson D.J. and Osbourn D.F. (1973). The influence of diet upon quantity and types of aminoacids entering and leaving the small intestine of sheep. J. Agric. Sci. 81, 391-395.
Hervas G., Frutos P., Serrano E., Mantecon A.R. and Giraldez F.J. (2000). Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge. 135, 305-310.
Hill G.M., Utley P.R. and Newton G.L. (1986). Influence of dietary crude protein on peanut skin digestibility and utilization by feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 887.
Hove L. (2001). Nutrient intake and utilization by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes acacia angustissima, Calliandracalothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91, 95-106.
Jansman A.J.M. (1993). Tannins in feedstuffs for simple stomached animals. Nutr Res. Rev. Cambridge. 6, 209-236.
Kondo M., Kita K. and Yokota H. (2004). Feeding value to goats of whole-crop oat ensiled with green tea waste. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 71-78.
Kumar R. and Singh M. (1984). Tannins: their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32, 447.
Labavitch J.M., Heintz C.M., Rae H.L. and Kader A.A. (1982). Physiological and compositional changes associated with maturation of Kerman pistachio. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 107, 688-692.
Mahoney N.E. and Rodriguez S.B. (1996). Aflatoxin variability in pistachios. J. Appl. Environ. Micro. 62, 1197-1202.
Makkar H.P.S. (2000). Quantification of Tannins in Tree Foliage. A laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated research project on use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage. FAO/IAEA working document. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
Makkar H.P.S. (2003). Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res. 49, 241-256.
Mokhtarpour A., Naserian A.A., Tahmasbi A.M. and Valizadeh R. (2012). Effect of feeding pistachio by-products silage supplemented with polyethylene glycol and urea on Holstein dairy cows performance in early lactation. Livest. Sci. 148, 208-213.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Norton B.W. (2000). The significance of tannins in tropical animal production. Pp. 14-23 in Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition. J.D. Brooker, Ed. ACIAR: Canberra, Australia.
Porter L.J., Hrstich L.N. and Chan B.G. (1986). The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry. 25, 223-230.
Provenza F.D., Burritt E.A., Perevolotsky A. and Silanikove N. (2000). Self regulation of intake of polyethylene glycol by sheep fed diets varying in tannin concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 78, 1206-1212.
SAS Institute. (1996). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shakeri P. and Fazaeli H. (2005). Effect of diets contained pistachio by-product on the performance of fattening lambs. Pp. 180-181 in Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Pistachio and Almond. Tehran, Iran.
Silanikove N., Gilboa N., Nir I., Perevolotsky A. and Nitsan Z. (1996). Effect of daily supplementation of polyethyleneglycol on intake and digestion of tannin containing leaves (Quercuscalliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus and Ceratonia siliqua) bygoats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 199-205.
Silanikove N., Nitsan Z. and Perevolotsky A. (1994). Effect ofpolyethylene glycol supplementation on intake and digestion oftannin-containing leaves (Ceratonia siliqua) by sheep. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42, 2844-2847.
Titgemeyer E.C., Cameron M.G., Bourquin L.D. and Fahey J.R. (1991). Digestion of cell wall components by dairy heifers fed diets based on alfalfa and chemically treated oat hulls. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 102-1037.
Vahmani P., Naserian A.A., Arshami J. and Nasirimoghadam H. (2005). Effect of feeding pistachio hulls on performance of lactating dairy cows. Pp. 145 in Proc. 56th Ann. Meet. European Assoc. Anim. Prod. Uppsala, Sweden.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Waghorn G.C. and Shelton I.D. (1997). Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus on the nutritive value of pasture for sheep. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge. 128, 365-372.
Wang Y., Douglas G.B., Waghorn G.C., Barry T.N. and Foote A.G. (1996). Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon lactation performance in ewes. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge. 126, 353-362.
West J.W., Hill G.M. and Utley P.R. (1993). Peanut skins as a feed ingredient for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 590-599.
Woodward S.L., Laboyrie P.J. and Jansen E.B.L. (2000). Lotus corniculatus and condensed tannin effects on milk production by dairy cows. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 13, 521-525.
Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science
Volume 5, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
September 2015
Pages 537-544

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 August 2014
  • Revise Date: 08 October 2014
  • Accept Date: 15 January 2015

Share

How to cite

Statistics